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TIME: Almanac 1995
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<text id=94TT1650>
<title>
Nov. 28, 1994: Immigration:The Unwelcome Mat
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
Nov. 28, 1994 Star Trek
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
IMMIGRATION, Page 35
The Unwelcome Mat
</hdr>
<body>
<p> As the Proposition 187 debate roars, the U.S. begins an intensive
effort to seal off a 2,000-mile border
</p>
<p>By S.C. Gwynne/Nogales--With reporting by Laura Lopez/Mexico City and Elaine Shannon/Washington
</p>
<p> If Californians believed they were settling an issue when they
approved Proposition 187 by a 59% to 41% vote, they were wrong.
The battle has spread to the courts and the marketplace. Last
week a federal judge in Los Angeles temporarily blocked the
state from implementing most provisions of the measure, which
would deny services to illegal aliens, on the grounds that it
may violate their civil rights. At the same time, the threat
of a grass-roots boycott of California spread across North America,
as groups ranging from the World Boxing Council to the National
Association of Hispanic Journalists said they would retaliate
by taking their business elsewhere.
</p>
<p> All the furor over Proposition 187, however, has obscured an
anti-immigration campaign that may have just as much impact,
but far sooner. Attorney General Janet Reno has decided to try
to virtually seal off the 2,076-mile border with Mexico to illegal
crossers. The U.S. Border Patrol has long maintained it could
accomplish this if given a chance, but the patrol has always
been underfunded and understaffed.
</p>
<p> Now the agency is getting its chance. The campaign started with
successful experiments in the Border Patrol sectors in El Paso,
Texas, and San Diego. Operation Hold the Line, which began a
year ago in El Paso, has brought a 72% reduction in arrests,
which are considered the most accurate bellwether of the number
of illegal crossings. In the San Diego area, where half of all
illegal immigrants into the U.S. sneak through the jagged canyons
and urban alleys, a two-year tightening effort culminating in
Operation Gatekeeper in October has reduced the number of arrests
30%. Inspired by these statistics, the Justice Department unveiled
a plan to accomplish what many considered unimaginable only
a few years ago: reduce the number of illegals crossing the
border 90% during the next three years.
</p>
<p> Though the timing of Reno's decision was clearly intended to
help California Democrats in the November elections, most of
whom opposed Proposition 187, it was more than just a campaign
promise. The money is already flowing: $236 million has been
allocated to the southwestern border for 1995, an increase of
25% from 1994. An additional 1,010 agents will soon be deployed,
bringing the total to more than 5,000. Helicopters, night-vision
scopes, ground sensors and computers are being brought in at
unprecedented levels. When equipment has not been delivered,
because of the glacial government procurement process, Reno
has personally borrowed gear from the Pentagon.
</p>
<p> Yet, short of building a Chinese wall, some skeptics wonder
whether the U.S. can really seal off a border that consists
largely of four-strand barbed wire and the Rio Grande, and includes
the barren deserts around Yuma, Arizona; the thick evergreen
brush near McAllen, Texas; two ocean ports; and several mountain
ranges. The Border Patrol insists it can do so, in part because
of that very terrain. The vast majority of crossings now take
place in and around urban areas. The crackdowns in San Diego
and El Paso rely on enhanced technology, fences and manpower
over short stretches of mostly urban zones, forcing immigrants
to choke points in much rougher country. "If we can begin to
deal with more crossers in canyons and rugged terrain," says
Tucson, Arizona, sector chief Ronald Dowdy, "then we are playing
on home court and by our rules. As the distances they must travel
to get to transportation become larger, we become much more
effective."
</p>
<p> But illegal crossers are inventive; already there is evidence
that they are probing the border for weak points. A surge of
new crossings has been observed in places like Campo, California,
to the east of San Diego, and Sunland Park, in the western part
of El Paso. In Nogales, Arizona, arrests are up 51% from last
year. "We're seeing a lot more folks from Baja California, who
normally would cross through San Diego, and people from Chihuahua,
who would usually cross in El Paso," says Nogales border agent
F. D. Gunter. To cope with this surge, the Tucson sector is
getting 100 new agents, along with night-vision scopes, helicopters,
computers and other equipment.
</p>
<p> Some of the toughest areas to control are in the brushy landscapes
near the Texas border towns of Laredo, Del Rio and McAllen,
which have not been promised any additional agents or equipment.
"We have not heard about this plan, and to date we have received
nothing," says McAllen border agent Mario Garcia, whose area
covers 280 miles of river, 19 counties and 17,000 sq. mi., are
all policed by 395 agents.
</p>
<p> Another threat to the plan comes from Mexico, which has seemingly
few intentions to cooperate. Says Fernando Estrada Samano, a
National Action Party deputy: "We will not stop migrant workers
from looking for a better quality of life in the U.S." Social
strains are already being felt on the Mexican side of the border.
In Tijuana, where much of its floating population of 15,000
migrant workers found itself stranded, petty crime has risen
10% since Operation Gatekeeper began. Thousands of workers who
used to commute to jobs in El Paso to work are now without wages
and have little hope for future employment.
</p>
<p> The larger problem is that tight control over the southwestern
U.S. border, along with the potential impact of Proposition
187, creates entirely new categories of problems. It will almost
certainly place enormous hardships on the Mexican population,
which will in turn create diplomatic strains between two countries
working hard to make the North American Free Trade Agreement
succeed. It also stands to devastate agriculture in states like
California, which rely on illegal immigrant labor to bring in
the harvest. All of which suggests that, even if it is possible
to shut down the border with Mexico, reaching that goal may
be far from the political slam dunk it seemed to be in the campaign
season. While cutting off illegal immigration may save some
money in social services, the price will be the loss of a labor
pool that the U.S. has long taken for granted.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>